Advancements in Nanosponge -Based Drug Delivery Systems: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications

Abstract

Nanosponges are encapsulating nanoparticles that encapsulate drug molecules, offering targeted site-specific delivery, reducing side effects, and converting liquid substances to solids. They can be produced easily, are non-irritating, mutagenic, allergic, and toxic. This review provides a detailed overview of the various types of nanosponges, including cyclodextrin-based, polymeric, and metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosponges, highlighting their synthesis and functionalization techniques. Key preparation methods such as emulsion solvent evaporation, ultrasound-assisted synthesis, and thermal polymerization are discussed in detail, with a comparison of their efficiencies and suitability for different applications. The merits of nanosponges—including their biocompatibility, high encapsulation efficiency, and ability to enhance the solubility and stability of loaded compounds—are examined in relation to specific use cases in drug delivery, pollutant removal, and catalytic processes. Evaluation techniques are also reviewed, focusing on methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) used to assess nanoparticle morphology, surface properties, and stability. By synthesizing current advancements and identifying future challenges, this review underscores the potential of nanosponges to transform various industries and offers guidance for future research and application development.