A Comprehensive Review of Pharmaceutical Microspheres

Abstract

Microspheres are a crucial component of modern drug delivery systems, offering numerous advantages in terms of drug bioavailability, stability, and targeted release. These spherical particles, often with a diameter less than 200 micrometers, are made from synthetic polymers and proteins. One notable characteristic of these microspheres is their free-flowing powder nature, which enhances handling and processing. The diversity of microsphere types further amplifies their utility. Bioadhesive microspheres, for instance, can adhere to mucosal surfaces, extending drug contact time and improving absorption. Floating microspheres are designed to remain buoyant on the gastric fluids, facilitating sustained drug release. Radioactive microspheres are employed in imaging and therapeutic applications, utilizing their radiation-emitting properties. Polymeric microspheres encompass a wide range of synthetic and natural polymers, each offering specific characteristics for drug encapsulation and release. Lastly, biodegradable microspheres contribute to sustainable drug delivery, gradually degrading over time and minimizing long-term environmental impact. The incorporation of microspheres in drug delivery systems enables the controlled release of drugs at predetermined rates, leading to enhanced therapeutic efficacy. These systems not only improve drug bioavailability but also provide a means to target specific sites within the body, thereby reducing side effects and increasing treatment precision. This innovation has significantly contributed to the advancement of novel drug delivery strategies, opening doors to more effective and efficient therapeutic interventions.