Therapeutic Potentials of Azadirachta Indica: A Comprehensive Review on Its Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal, Anti-inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities

Abstract

Neem (Azadirachta indica), a cornerstone of traditional Indian medicine, has been extensively used in Ayurveda and Unani systems for its broad spectrum of therapeutic benefits. Among its various parts, neem leaves are particularly valued for their pharmacologically active compounds, including flavonoids, terpenoids, limonoids, and polyphenols. This study highlights the diverse pharmacological properties of neem leaf extracts, focusing on their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Neem leaves also exhibit notable antiviral effects, particularly against hepatitis C virus (HCV), through the action of 3-Deacetyl-3-cinnamoyl-azadirachtin, which inhibits the NS3 viral protease, reducing viral replication and improving liver function in treated subjects. Antifungal activity is evident against pathogens like Aspergillus flavus, attributed primarily to terpenoid constituents. In murine models, neem leaf extract has shown chemopreventive and anticancer potential by enhancing phase II detoxifying enzymes, elevating antioxidant levels, and suppressing cellular proliferation without causing observable toxicity. Additionally, anti-inflammatory assessments in rats have demonstrated moderate, dose-dependent suppression of edema, though the effects are generally milder than standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Collectively, these findings support the traditional use of neem leaves and highlight their potential as safe, plant-based alternatives for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases, as well as for chemoprevention. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these effects and determine optimal formulations for therapeutic applications