A Comprehensive Review on Current Progress and Future Perspectives in Pulmonary Drug Delivery Technologies

Abstract

Pulmonary drug delivery has gained substantial attention as a targeted and efficient method for administering therapeutic agents. This route is particularly valuable in the treatment of respiratory illnesses such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary infections, offering rapid onset of action and reduced systemic exposure. Despite its advantages, pulmonary delivery faces formulation and device-related challenges, including inconsistent drug deposition, mucosal barriers, and the need for proper inhalation techniques. Various delivery systems have been developed to address these challenges, including pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and soft mist inhalers (SMIs). Each device offers unique benefits and limitations depending on the formulation and intended therapeutic outcome. Moreover, the pulmonary route shows potential for the administration of biopharmaceuticals and vaccines, offering an alterna

tive to invasive delivery methods. This review discusses the fundamental anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system, evaluates drug delivery technologies, and outlines recent advances in pulmonary therapeutics. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential to optimize treatment strategies and enhance the effectiveness of inhalation-based therapies